Y. Jacquemart, B. Heilbronn, P. PruvotElectricité de
France, 1, avenue du Général de Gaulle 92141 Clamart Cedex - France
... In this paper we use the term model to denote in general the result of learning (e.g. a tree, a
multi-layer perceptron or a nearest neighbor rule) which is different
from the electrical model of the power system used for the
purpose of simulations.
... i.e. by subtracting their mean and dividing by their
standard deviation
... i.e. the
detection of a saddle-node bifurcation
... The
percentage of critical vs non-critical states at each node are
proportional to the corresponding grey area of the box representing a
node.
... To limit the computing time, the BFGS procedure
was stopped after 500 passes through the learning set.
... The margin is
computed on a set of load busses corresponding to a total load level
between 5000 and 7700 MW.